History: background and interpretations
- In Mindanao, the “problem” has been one of conflicting narratives. There is the story of the nation-building project resumed in the early 20th century after the defeat of the First Republic; there is the story of the Moros and their hostility, then ambivalence, then participation, in that project; there is the parting of ways between Moros and Christians in the 1960s; and there is the added complication of foreign powers attempting to influence once side or another throughout this period.
- The first time I wrote about this was in 1996, in “Repulsion and Colonization,” which I began with this illuminating quote from the memoirs of Teodoro M. Kalaw:
- The Wood-Forbes Mission arrived in Manila in May [1921], and was received with some apprehension…. Many anecdotes were told about this trip… In Mindanao, an officer with the Mission approached a Moro and asked him his opinion of the political situation. The Moro answered him: “No, no, I do not want to say a word. If I say I like independence, the Americans get sore. And if I say I do not like independence, the Filipinos get sore. I say nothing.” Teodoro M. Kalaw in his autobiography, Aide-de-Camp to Freedom0
likes·
0
comments - Here is the article itself, which has ended up quoted and referenced by Moro writers, too. To my mind, the 1920s was a confrontation between American proposals to separate Moro areas from the Philippines, and the insistence of Filipinos leaders that the country be kept intact; and that when independence was assured in the 1930s, the Filipino policy became active settlement of Mindanao to prevent Mindanao being colonized by other powers: resulting in a policy of internal colonization that would lead to confrontation in the 1960s and 1970s.
- Repulsion and Colonization ” Manuel L. Quezon IIIRepulsion and Colonization by Manuel L. Quezon III The Wood-Forbes Mission arrived in Manila in May [1921], and was received with some ap…0
likes·
0
comments - In 1934, the Sultan sa Ramain, speaking as a delegate in the Constitutional Convention, put forward the parameters for Moro participation in the nation-building project of the Commonwealth. It was a partnership that endured for two decades: hence the regular election of Moro leaders as Senators from 1941 to the 1960s. By then, however, just as national politics was being radicalized, new influences would lead to the development of a new approach among Moros, to their own history. Combined with tensions over land, it would result in the abandonment of the partnership proposed a generation earlier by the Sultan sa Ramain.
- The Sultan Sa Ramain speaks, 1934 ” Manuel L. Quezon IIII have been working on 2 0 Speeches That Moved a Nation Volume II for some years now, and one of the speeches I decided to include was th…0
likes·
0
comments - If the 1920s was about suspicions over American proposals to create a Moro protectorate, and the 1930s about Japanese immigration to Davao, then from 1946 (when Sabah was annexed by the British to form part of Malaya) to the 1960s (when the Philippines joined Indonesia’s policy of Konfrontasi against newly-formed Malaysia) the focus of Filipino suspicion was Britain and its Malayan possessions; this would be carried over in the tense relationship between Malaysia and the Philippines.
- This excerpt from a recent book illustrates the British legacy that complicated relations:
- Of all oddities, the British had been at work in 1945 even trying to extend their empire. British troops were present in Vietnam and Indonesia, where they were dragged into support for the existing French and Dutch rulers. In order to do so (and in Burma as well) they were driven to use the hundreds of thousands of Japanese prisoners of war to put down risings by the local nationalists. The French and the Dutch somehow understood even less than did the British that the European position was hopelessly lost: the Foreign Office adviser on Mountbatten’s staff told him that the Dutch were ‘mentally sick’ and ‘not in a fit state to resume control in this vast area’; it was not until 1948 that the Dutch abandoned Indonesia. But the British were also fantasizing, though less bizarrely. In the second half of the 1940s they were trying to create a new form of empire, in this case one based on Malaya. Here, they had a certain amount of justification, in that Malayan rubber earned a surplus of £170m for the sterling area – more than a third of its income (the Gold Coast supplied another quarter). Malaya was put together in a novel way, together with Singapore, but this did not solve the three-cornered problem of Indian, Chinese and Malay cohabitation. A civil war soon developed, with a Communist insurgency that was largely Chinese, and Malaya was not stabilized until 1960.0
likes·
0
comments - Essentially two expansionist ambitions collided from the 1960s onwards: between the Philippines, and Malaysia, with Philippine influence and power waning even as Malaysia’s waxed over the same period. Yet in recent years, there seems to be a diminishing of the old antagonisms and more of an effort to find common ground: in some cases, a very recent phenomenon (observers of the peace process would do well to look into the decision of Malaysia, for example, to appoint a facilitator more acceptable to both, and not just one, party, since 2010).
- Greater Malaysia ” Manuel L. Quezon IIIOn The Explainer last Tuesday ( which you can watch online on YouTube) I presented a series of maps based, in turn, on maps you’ve alread…0
likes·
0
comments - The “Mindanao Problem” has often been reduced to being a zero-sum game: total retention to prevent total loss, raising the stakes for both sides of the conflict when neither side is capable of fully achieving its objectives, not least because it would be debatable if other countries in the region, and beyond, are prepared for the wholesale rearrangement of borders, etc. The question of partition is one, however, debated, to my mind, without reference to India, which surely poses many cautionary lessons for all sides involved.
- The perils of partition ” Manuel L. Quezon IIIMy column today, Mindanao is both a local and national concern, takes exception to one part (while I tend to agree with the rest) of comm…0
likes·
0
comments - Even as things evolve, some things remain the same. All sides in the conflict have changed in terms of the national narratives they believe in; and yet, old narratives still intrude into these approaches, not least concerning the old colonial powers.
- Mindanao and Old Suspicions | ArabNewsWhen the commercial attaché of the US Embassy in the Philippines announced last month that the US was “still bullish” over Mindanao, it p…0
likes·
0
comments - But things aren’t about old, historic grievances, in the sense of a linear story. For example, there are developments in the broader Muslim world that in turn have led to an evolution, even a radical departure, in the historical foundations of the Moro narrative and even the ultimate aspirations put forward by Moro leaders. The MNLF of the 1970s was closer, in a sense, to the Filipinos of the 1920s in putting forward independence with modern institutions (fairly secular, based on ethnic identity) as the end-goal; the MILF of the 1980s onwards perhaps adheres closer to aspiring for Islamic government. In turn, Christians, themselves debating the question of secular vs. religious-influenced government, were confronted with a crisis of confidence in their institutions.
- A race against time – CurrentLast week I had a chance to address an international gathering of people affiliated with Liberal parties, on the subject of Asian Values …0
likes·
0
comments Controversies
- As if the clash of national narratives, the intrusion of regional and global spheres of influence, the push and pull of religion as the motive force for politics, weren’t complicated enough, all these came to a head a few years ago, due to the crisis of legitimacy facing the previous administration.
- A kind of seething bedrock for all these controversies, is the pervasive mistrust of the public (regardless of ethnic or religious affiliation) for officialdom; made even more corrosive by lingering animosities based on cultural antipathies:
- Like Rashomon ” Manuel L. Quezon IIIIn Why the Pangandaman Issue Refuses to Die or At Least Abate, the Warrior Lawyer points to the archetype of the Bullying Official as the…0
likes·
0
comments - Add to this poisonous brew, the crisis of legitimacy of the past dispensation, and its lurching from one scheme to another, to break the logjam with its enemies and secure a lasting victory for itself:
- Where There’s Smoke There’s Fire | ArabNewsThere is a reason many crimes take place under cover of darkness: Most people tend to be if not good, then decent, and law-abiding. There…0
likes·
0
comments - Add to this, a kind of parallel crisis of confidence among Moros, in their own leadership, or those aspiring to lead them, and the changes going on among Moros themselves after decades of conflict:
- The march of folly in Mindanao – CurrentMY column for today is The march of folly in Mindanao.0
likes·
0
comments - And add to this, the dilemma faced by our institutions, when a deal was proposed: but in a rush, with an inflexible deadline, under circumstances that opened up political options for the then-administration but by so doing, opened up possibilities which lacked a national consensus.
- In other words, a surprise was sprung on the public, with an agreement having been reached at the top, without a consensus to back it up. One so explosive, because of this, it had to be stopped:
- Intervention for the Prosecution: Why the BJE-MOA is an impeachable offense ” Manuel L. Quezon IIIPlease read this document. We have signed it. We stand by it. We submitted it, today, to the Secretary-General of the House of Representa…0
likes·
0
comments - The
- Just how explosive it was, was documented online, in blog entries with stories that seemed to refer to the era of the Crusades than the early 21st Century:
- Blowback, and crying havoc ” Manuel L. Quezon IIIO, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth, That I am meek and gentle with these butchers! Thou art the ruins of the noblest man That eve…0
likes·
0
comments - In the face of public panic, a kind of hysteria overtook those who’d negotiated the deal, an all-or-nothing approach that did the efforts to negotiate a peace a profound disservice:
- Peace in our time? ” Manuel L. Quezon IIIUpdate: Well, well, well: SC stops MOA signing. Interesting because before the Supremes’ intervention was even reported, Ding Gagelonia w…0
likes·
0
comments - And once again, highlighting the problematic nature of the whole thing –a policy decision at the top without the safety net of a public consensus to permit it– was the adoption of a historical narrative by various parties not necessarily shared by others; or which, in turn, was evolving in a manner which left those grappling with it unable to fully grasp the full implications of that evolving narrative.
- Turning back the clock in Mindanao – INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for FilipinosMANILA, Philippines?If the agreement between the government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front covered only the existing Autonomous Re…0
likes·
0
comments Challenges
- The result was that the challenges, and not the promise, of peace, took center stage; worse, good-will, a necessary element for negotiations to lead to a resolution, evaporated, and the whole peace process took a backward step. Yet the debacle led, to my mind, to more prudence on all sides: with the common lesson being the need to engage the broader public –itself a challenge to the contending narratives.
- I put forward what I believed to be some of these lessons in this entry:
- Thoughts on Mindanao ” Manuel L. Quezon IIII only got back on my feet after being ill since the weekend, hence no recent updates. It couldn’t have been a worse week to get sick: so…0
likes·
0
comments - Just as, in an earlier entry, I put forward my observations on the challenges confronting those trying to secure ta peace agreement. There was a generational aspect: advocates had at times, gotten tired, or cynical, or were running out of ideas. Leaders on both sides suffered from a crisis of confidence and legitimacy. The solution staring everyone in the face –a variation, in one form or another, on Commonwealth Status for the Moros– remained difficult to accept.
- The charge of the Palace brigade ” Manuel L. Quezon IIILast week I attended a conference on the peace process, put together by the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process. Obviously the medi…0
likes·
0
comments - In the face of increasingly intractable –because the evolution of identities on both sides were difficult to keep up with, on the part of the leaders aspiring to speak for either side– was complicated, in turn, by mistrust of those putting themselves forward as honest brokers from the outside. One story that remains to be written, is how the brokers themselves changed their attitudes.
- Search for an Honest Broker in Mindanao | ArabNewsOur traditional allies in the Mindanao peace process are Indonesia and Libya, Muslim nations that, however, have long established ties of…0
likes·
0
comments - Another story yet to be fully written, is the confrontation between exclusivist attitudes and aspirations for a pluralistic society; of local versus national community orientations, and not just between Muslim and Christian but among the various components –geographic, linguistic, ethnic– of the larger whole.
- Looking South: Are there really “outsiders” in the Mindanao issue? ” Manuel L. Quezon IIIToday, t he Second Mindanao Bloggers Summit is taking place in General Santos City . I was supposed to attend but my illness over the pas…0
likes·
0
comments - Mindanao is both a local and national concern – INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for FilipinosMANILA, Philippines – The ARMM elections are supposed to take place today, in a climate of uncertainty and even fear (with fighting alrea…0
likes·
0
comments - And there is the story, too, of how the enemies of good governance recognize no religious or ethnic barriers; how a kind of mutualism exists between national and regional leaders uninterested in progress or reform.
- Mindanao Peace ProcessLearning to play politics, Christian-style September 08, 2008 04:34:00 Philippine Daily Inquirer MANILA, Philippines – And yet, by the 19…0
likes·
0
comments - And there is, too, the push and pull between the secular and religious:
- The Long View: Islamic democracy ” Manuel L. Quezon IIIThere was a fascinating account in Mindanews last Tuesday about a proposal by Archbishop Orlando Quevedo to establish a kind of Electoral…0
likes·
0
comments - And finally, how human institutions are tried and tested:
- Designed to fail and failing by design – CurrentMy column for yesterday was Congressional feeding frenzy. Rep. Risa Hontiveros-Baraquel of Akbayan sent me a clarification via SMS: U wro…0
likes·
0
comments Confidence-building
- In the wake of the setback to peace, from the get-go peace in Mindanao was a plank in the President’s platform: with a clear commitment to avoiding the causes for mistrust and hostility in the past:
- Peace & Order 14. From a disjointed, short-sighted Mindanao policy that merely reacts to events and incidents to one that seeks a broadlysupported just peace and will redress decades of neglect of the Moro and other peoples of Mindanao.0
likes·
0
comments - This was reiterated in the President’s inaugural address:
- My government will be sincere in dealing with all the peoples of Mindanao. We are committed to a peaceful and just settlement of conflicts, inclusive of the interests of all – may they be Lumads, Bangsamoro or Christian.0
likes·
0
comments - It was articulated in his first State of the Nation Address:
- Tungkol sa situwasyon sa Mindanao: Hindi po nagbabago ang ating pananaw. Mararating lamang ang kapayapaan at katahimikan kung mag-uusap ang lahat ng apektado: Moro, Lumad, at Kristiyano. Inatasan na natin si Dean Marvic Leonen na mangasiwa sa ginagawa nating pakikipag-usap sa MILF. Iiwasan natin ang mga pagkakamaling nangyari sa nakaraang administrasyon, kung saan binulaga na lang ang mga mamamayan ng Mindanao. Hindi tayo puwedeng magbulag-bulagan sa mga dudang may kulay ng pulitika ang proseso, at hindi ang kapakanan ng taumbayan ang tanging interes. Kinikilala natin ang mga hakbang na ginagawa ng MILF sa pamamagitan ng pagdidisplina sa kanilang hanay. Inaasahan natin na muling magsisimula ang negosasyon pagkatapos ng Ramadan.0
likes·
0
comments - In his second State of the Nation Address, the President focused on good governance as a foundation for peace:
- Tumungo naman po tayo sa ARMM. Ang dating sistema: Nagbabatuhan lang ng huwad na utang ng loob ang mga baluktot na kandidato. Kapag pambansang halalan, malaya ang nakaupo sa ARMM na imane-obra ang makinarya sa kaniyang rehiyon para matiyak na bokya, o sero, ang boto ng hindi kaalyado. Kapag naman eleksyon sa ARMM at maniningil na ng utang si Mayor o Governor, ang administrasyon naman ang magpapatakbo ng makinarya para manalo ang kanilang kandidato. Ayon nga po sa naungkat ng COA, sa opisina ng regional governor ng ARMM, mula Enero 2008 hanggang Setyembre 2009, walumpung—uulitin ko po: walumpung porsyento ng mga disbursement ang napunta sa mga cash advance na wala namang maayos na paliwanag. Kung hindi nawala ang pondong ito, nakatapos na sana ang isang batang sa ngayon tumawid sa ghost bridge, para pumasok sa ghost school, kung saan tuturuan siya ng ghost teacher. Kaawa-awang bata: walang humpay na paghihirap, at walang pag-asa ng pag-asenso. Gusto nating maranasan ng ARMM ang benepisyo ng tamang pamamahala. Kaya ang atin pong minungkahing solusyon: synchronization. Dahil dito, kailangan nilang tumutok sa kani-kanilang mga kampanya; magiging mas patas ang labanan, at lalabnaw ang command votes. Salamat po sa Kongreso at naipasa na ang batas na magsasabay sa halalan ng ARMM sa halalang pambansa. May nagtatanong po, bakit postponement ang kailangan? Sa kagustuhang, siyempre, makabalik sa puwesto, nakahanda ang ilan na ulitin ang nakagawian para manalo. Isipin na lang po ninyo kung pumayag tayo sa kagustuhan ng mga kontra, at itinuloy natin ang eleksyon. Wala po silang ibang gagawin sa loob ng dalawang taon kundi paghandaan ang susunod na halalan at isiksik ang kalokohan nila sa mas maigsing panahon. Habang nananatili sa puwesto ang mga utak wang-wang na opisyal, naiiwan namang nakalubog sa kumunoy ng kawalang-pagasa ang taumbayan.0
likes·
0
comments - In his third State of the Nation Address, the President returned to the need to establish good governance as a foundation for lasting peace:
- Kung kapayapaan na lang din po ang usapan, dumako naman tayo sa lugar na matagal naging mukha ng mga mithiing ‘di makamtan-kamtan. Bago po magsimula ang mga reporma natin sa ARMM, at alam naman po n’yo, may mga ghost students doon, na naglalakad sa isang ghost road, tungo sa isang ghost school, para magpaturo sa isang ghost teacher. Ang mga aparisyon pong gumulantang kay OIC Governor Mujiv Hataman: [applause] Apat na eskuwelahan na natagpuang may ghost students; iniimbestigahan na rin ang mga teacher na hindi lumilitaw ang pangalan sa talaan ng Professional Regulation Commission, gayundin ang mga tauhan ng gobyernong hindi nakalista sa plantilya. Limampu’t limang ghost entry ang tinanggal sa payroll. Ang dating paulit-ulit na pagsasaboy ng graba sa kalsada para lang pagkakitaan ng pera, bawal na. Wala nang cash advance sa mga ahensya, para maiwasan ang pagsasamantala. Ang mga multo sa voters list, mapapatahimik na ang kaluluwa. [Applause] Kaya nga po kay OIC Gov. Mujiv Hataman, ang masasabi natin: talaga namang isa ka nang certified ghost buster.0
likes·
0
comments - He pointed out that good governance in turn would provide government the means to assist Moros in building a better life:
- Ang pumalit po, at pinapalit na: pabahay, tulay, at learning center para sa mga Badjao sa Basilan. Mga community-based hatchery, lambat, materyales para maglinang ng seaweeds, at punlang napakinabangan ng 2,588 na mangingisda. Certified seeds, punla ng gabi, cassava, goma, at mga punong namumunga para sa 145,121 na magsasaka. Simula pa lang po iyan; nakalaan na ang 183 million pesos para sa mga municipal fishing port projects sa ARMM; 310.4 million pesos para sa mga istasyon ng bumbero; 515 million pesos para sa malinis na inuming tubig; 551.9 million pesos para sa mga kagamitang pangkalusugan; 691.9 million pesos para sa daycare centers; at 2.85 billion pesos para sa mga kalsada at tulay na babagtas sa rehiyon. Ilan lang po iyan sa patutunguhan ng kabuuang 8.59 billion pesos na ipinagkaloob ng pambansang gobyerno para isakatuparan ang mga reporma sa ARMM. [Applause] Lilinawin ko rin po, hindi pa kasama rito ang taunang suportang natatanggap nila, na ngayong 2012 ay umabot sa 11.7 billion pesos. [Applause]0
likes·
0
comments - And he reiterated his commitment to peace, and the goodwill on both sides this commitment requires:
- Miski po ang mga dating gustong tumiwalag, nakikita na ang epekto ng reporma. Kinikilala natin bilang pahiwatig ng kanilang tiwala ang nakaraang pitong buwan, kung kailan walang nangyaring sagupaan sa pagitan ng militar at ng MILF. Sa peace process naman po, hayag at lantaran ang usapan. Nagpapamalas ang magkabilang panig ng tiwala sa isa’t isa. Maaaring minsan, magiging masalimuot ang proseso; signos lang po ito na malapit na nating makamit ang nag-iisa nating mithiin: Kapayapaan.0
likes·
0
comments Breakthrough
- The President’s announcement, of a proposed Framework for peace, was the culmination of a major concentration of his administration. In his speech, he outlined the parameters of the proposed Framework:
- Speech of President Aquino on the Framework Agreement with the MILF, October 7, 2012 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the PhilippinesVIDEO: FULL TRANSCRIPT: Talumpati ng Kagalang-galang Benigno S. Aquino III Pangulo ng Pilipinas Ukol sa balangkas ng kasunduan sa Moro Is…0
likes·
0
comments - The proposed Framework too, was publicized to enable all concerned to see what it’s about:
- 0
likes·
0
comments - And again, in contrast to the past, the negotiating panel of the government was clear about the parameters that governed its negotiations:
- Closing Statement of GPH Panel Chair Marvic Leonen during the the 32nd GPH-MILF Formal Exploratory Talks, October 7, 2012 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the PhilippinesClosing Statement of Government Peace Panel Chair Marvic Leonen: Bismillahi rahmanir raheem. Assalamu alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuhu…0
likes·
0
comments - The objectives of the negotiations, and the meaning of the proposed Framework’s provisions, were also clearly disclosed:
- Press briefing by the GPH Peace Panel on the Framework Agreement with the MILF, October 7, 2012 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the PhilippinesPress briefing by the Government of the Philippine Peace Panel: On the Framework Agreement with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front [ Kuala…0
likes·
0
comments - Press briefing by Presidential Spokesperson Lacierda and GPH Peace Panel Chairman Leonen, October 8, 2012 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the PhilippinesPress briefing by Secretary Edwin Lacierda and Government of the Philippines Peace Panel Chair Marvic Leonen: On the Framework Agreement …0
likes·
0
comments - FAQs on the agreement can be accessed here:
- The 2012 Framework Agreement on the BangsamoroIt is a commitment by the government and the MILF to establish a new autonomous political entity in Muslim Mindanao. It will replace the …0
likes·
0
comments - A crucial component, too, of the process is the dissemination of a clear roadmap and how it conforms to the processes of the institutions of the Republic and the requirements of the Constitution:
- And again, as a confidence-building component, the prospective territories being considered and the manner in which they would be included, was laid out for the widest possible discussion:
- Another major breakthrough was the inclusion of stakeholders in the entire process:
- Sec. Deles cites role of civil society groups in GPH-MILF talks | Official Gazette of the Republic of the PhilippinesPresidential Adviser on the Peace Process Teresita Quintos Deles said that civil society organizations and individual peace advocates wil…0
likes·
0
comments - As has been the inclusion of Civil Society voices in the effort:
- Peace negotiator: A lifetime of positive changes if we give peace a chance | Official Gazette of the Republic of the PhilippinesPeace negotiator Yasmin Busran Lao said that the draft Framework Agreement forged by the government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front…0
likes·
0
comments Additional Readings
- In the end, I am optimistic that contesting approaches to history will give way to the opening of a new chapter. One in which peace actually has a chance to dig deep roots, replacing old animosities with a new opportunity for partnership.
- The old partnership that foundered in the 1960s, then, has to be replaced with something new. Yet what has endured, in a brittle manner to be sure, is the overarching project of nation-building. But that too, must evolve, as it is evolving, into a more complex project that replaces aspirations of uniformity with a shared commitment to diversity.
- These are additional readings and links that further flesh out many of the points above:
- Re-constructing Colonial Philippines: 1900-1910Selective entry of these goods however was enough to resurrect the export economy, and by the end of the decade much of it was re-energiz…0
likes·
0
comments - Ninoy Aquino on Moro history, 1981Brief History of the Muslim Struggle by Benigno S. Aquino Jr. (delivered at the King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arab…0
likes·
0
comments - Some readings on Mindanao – CurrentYesterday and today’s Inquirer editorials have focused on the possible breakdown of talks between our government and the MILF in Mindanao…0
likes·
0
comments
Leave a Reply
You must be logged in to post a comment.
This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.
comments